园艺

床上用品工厂, windbreak tree species and windbreak renovation evaluations, 水果, 蔬菜和啤酒花是狄金森研究推广中心正在进行的园艺研究和示范的许多领域之一.  There are currently 26 acres of certified (ICS) organic land at DREC.

Map of the plants on the DREC grounds

2017 NRCS Plant Materials Report
2016 NRCS Plant Materials Report
2015 NRCS Plant  Materials Report
2014 NRCS Plant Materials Report

Summary of hops data
Location of hops arbor on DREC grounds
Map of hop varieties 生长在乔木上

耕作方式和AMF(丛枝菌根真菌)接种剂对大平原上游有机蔬菜生产的影响

Dr. 葛丽塔Gramig 
部门. of Plant Sciences, NDSU Fargo

This is a project funded by The Ceres Trust. 有机蔬菜作物生产中的两个关键问题是杂草管理和土壤健康(或质量)。. Typically, organic 农民 rely heavily on tillage to manage weeds. 然而，过度耕作会破坏土壤的物理性质和微生物群落. 这个群落(包括AMF)提供了重要的生态系统功能，增强了作物植物对养分和水分的吸收. 先前的研究表明，减少耕作可以增强AMF和其他土壤微生物群的多样性, 而其他研究表明，接种剂的使用可以提高作物生长和产量. 几, 如果有任何, 研究特别询问了大平原上游不同耕作制度下AMF接种的价值. 我们将确定用有机认证的AMF物种混合接种蔬菜植物对杂草群落动态的影响, 土壤健康, 植物卫生, 在两种截然不同的有机生产环境下的总体盈利能力:耕作系统和种植系统. a no-till system that relies on legume hay mulch for weed suppression.  

Initial work began during the summer of 2015. During the summer of 2015 and 2016, numerous measurements and samples were taken from these experiments. 由谷神星信托基金资助的一名研究生和暑期工人参与了实地工作的各个方面. We sampled the soil to measure the soil weed seed bank. 我们量化了出苗期和生长季节高峰期的杂草种群.  We sampled crop roots to analyze for AMF colonization. We sampled soil to be analyzed for phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. This analysis will show the composition of the soil microbial community. We sampled soil to determine soil respiration. We also collected crop leaf tissue for plant nutrition analysis. Finally, we determined final yield for all crops.  

用于PLFA分析的土壤样品被送到东北部的Ward实验室进行分析. We have received the results of this analysis, which showed great variability in the soil microbial community across the field. 在Absaraka种植洋葱的地块受到一种土壤传播的真菌病原体镰刀菌基腐病的影响. The disease especially affected onions in the non-mulched plots. Some of these plots suffered near-total yield loss. 覆盖物很可能阻止了雨水传播疾病，到目前为止，在覆盖物覆盖的地块上，洋葱鳞茎的损失减少了. The mulch harbored small rodents that chewed on the 笋瓜 水果. Some 水果 in all plots were damaged, but the damage was greater for squash growing in mulched plots. 一般来说，Absaraka遗址的产量比Dickinson遗址大得多. This is probably due to soil and rainfall differences between these two sites. 初步结果表明，免耕制度对某些蔬菜作物(甜菜和洋葱)有益，但对冬瓜有害，因为啮齿动物的危害，对豌豆基本没有影响. 本研究的同行评议出版物将在项目完成后出版.

Winter 2017 Update

1)完成的主要活动:进行的试验:建立了田间试验，研究了干草覆盖和丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)接种剂对洋葱的影响, 表甜菜, 笋瓜, and sugar snap pea yield in an organic vegetable production system. These experiments were located in Dickinson and Absaraka, ND. ‘Mycogrow’ AMF inoculant (Fungi Perfecti, 有限责任公司, 奥林匹亚, WA) was applied in a water solution at a rate of 7.4 g L-1 to half the plots after planting crops. This inoculant contained AMF species Glomus intraradices, 血管球mosseae, Glomus aggregatum, and Glomus etunicatum. 作物出苗后，在约15厘米深的土层中施用方形包的干草覆盖物. Weeds were removed from all plots on a timely basis, 因此，不同处理之间的产量差异是由于作物杂草竞争以外的因素造成的.

2) Data collected: Weed density and weed seedbank density were quantified. Time required for weed removal was recorded. Neither site was irrigated but rainfall was fairly frequent at both sites. 两个地点在种植前都用鸡粪(Absaraka)或牛粪(Dickinson)施肥. 每个地块的土壤都进行了氮磷钾测试，尽管不同地块之间的差异很大, nutrients were present in adequate amounts for vegetable production. Peas were harvested every two to three days during July. Beets were harvested mid-August. Onions were harvested in mid-September and squash were harvested in mid-October. 从每个地块收集土芯并送到康奈尔大学进行土壤健康分析，包括评估湿团聚体的稳定性, 活性炭, and soil respiration. 

3)结果总结统计与讨论:秸秆覆盖几乎完全抑制了杂草的出苗率，而光秃秃地杂草压力较大. Bare plots required substantially more weeding time than the mulched plots. 随着时间的推移(从2015年到2017年)，Absaraka地点覆盖和耕作地块的杂草种子库密度都有所下降, but the effect was much more pronounced among the mulched plots. At the Dickinson site, from 2015 to 2017, weed seedbank density remained the same for mulched plots, but increased substantially for tilled plots. At the Absaraka site, 种植在地膜下的作物比传统耕作方式下不种植地膜的作物产量更高. 在迪金森，由于干旱和啮齿动物造成的破坏，大多数作物歉收. Only the onion crop at Dickinson was harvested for yield, and similar to the Absaraka site, 有地膜覆盖的洋葱比常规耕作下无地膜覆盖的洋葱产量更高. 在Absaraka, 覆盖地块湿骨料稳定性随时间(从2015年到2017年)增加, but remained the same for tilled plots. 在迪金森, wet aggregate stability increased over time for both mulched and tilled plots, but the effect was much more pronounced for mulched plots. 在Absaraka, 活性炭 increased over time in mulched plots only. 在迪金森, 活性炭 decreased over time regardless of tillage/mulch. 两个地点的土壤呼吸作用，覆盖地均大于耕作地. AMF inoculation did not impact any measures of crop yield, weed community extent, or 土壤健康 indicators. 

4)实现的主要成果或其他成就:通过在科学会议上展示研究成果, researchers learned about the key results produced by this research. Via talks at field days, 农民, 园丁, and extension personnel learned about the results of this research.

出版物

Hogstad S, Gramig G, Carr P. 2016. Mulch and biochar impacts on organic strawberry establishment. 第69届西方杂草科学学会年会论文集(22). 

Gramig G, Carr P. 2016. 探讨秸秆覆盖和AMF接种剂在小规模有机蔬菜生产中的潜力. 第69届西方杂草科学学会年会论文集(21). 

Gramig G, Carr P. 2016. Hay mulch and mycorrhizae inoculation impacts on organic onion performance. MOSES Organic Farming Conference 研究 Forum.  

Beamer KP, Gramig GG, Carr PM. 2017. 丛枝菌根接种与耕作对有机蔬菜生产的影响. MOSES Organic Farming Conference. February 23-25, La Crosse, WI.

Hogstad SK, Gramig GG, Carr PM. 2017. Weed communities shift in response to organic no-till integrated with grazing. Weed Science Society of America Annual Meeting, March 6-9, Tucson, AZ. 57:143.

Hogstad SK, Gramig GG. 2017. Mulch and biochar impacts on organic strawberry yield. Weed Science Society of America Annual Meeting, March 6-9, Tucson, AZ. 57:68.